我们展示了在文本上预先培训的神经网络，并在代码上进行微调解决数学问题，通过程序合成解决了数学问题。我们将问题转化为编程任务，自动生成程序，然后从MIT的大型数学课程（单变微积分18.01，多变量计算18.02，微分方程18.03，概率和统计介绍18.05，概率和统计概要和统计概要和统计概要和统计概要和统计概要和统计概要和统计概要和统计概况概要和统计概要和统计概要和统计概率概述的大学级问题。 18.06，以及计算机科学的数学6.042）以及数学数据集的问题（在预先发生的地板，代数，计数和概率，数字理论和前进的问题上），最新数学问题的基准专门用于评估数学推理。我们探索提示生成方法，使变形金刚能够为这些主题生成问题解决程序，包括具有图的解决方案。我们在每个主题中的随机问题上生成正确的答案。我们量化了原始和转型问题之间的差距，并进行了调查以评估所产生的问题的质量和难度。这是在规模上自动解决，等级和生成大学数学课程问题的第一项工作，这代表了高等教育的里程碑。

As Artificial and Robotic Systems are increasingly deployed and relied upon for real-world applications, it is important that they exhibit the ability to continually learn and adapt in dynamically-changing environments, becoming Lifelong Learning Machines. Continual/lifelong learning (LL) involves minimizing catastrophic forgetting of old tasks while maximizing a model's capability to learn new tasks. This paper addresses the challenging lifelong reinforcement learning (L2RL) setting. Pushing the state-of-the-art forward in L2RL and making L2RL useful for practical applications requires more than developing individual L2RL algorithms; it requires making progress at the systems-level, especially research into the non-trivial problem of how to integrate multiple L2RL algorithms into a common framework. In this paper, we introduce the Lifelong Reinforcement Learning Components Framework (L2RLCF), which standardizes L2RL systems and assimilates different continual learning components (each addressing different aspects of the lifelong learning problem) into a unified system. As an instantiation of L2RLCF, we develop a standard API allowing easy integration of novel lifelong learning components. We describe a case study that demonstrates how multiple independently-developed LL components can be integrated into a single realized system. We also introduce an evaluation environment in order to measure the effect of combining various system components. Our evaluation environment employs different LL scenarios (sequences of tasks) consisting of Starcraft-2 minigames and allows for the fair, comprehensive, and quantitative comparison of different combinations of components within a challenging common evaluation environment.

在COVID-19大流行期间，在COVID-19诊断的紧急环境中进行的大量成像量导致临床CXR获取的差异很大。在所使用的CXR投影，添加图像注释以及临床图像的旋转程度和旋转程度中可以看到这种变化。图像分析社区试图通过开发自动化的CoVID-19诊断算法来减轻大流行期间过度拉伸放射学部门的负担，该诊断算法是CXR成像的输入。已利用大量公开的CXR数据集来改善CoVID-19诊断的深度学习算法。然而，公开可用数据集中临床可获得的CXR的可变质量可能会对算法性能产生深远的影响。 COVID-19可以通过图像标签等图像上的非动物特征的算法来推断诊断。这些成像快捷方式可能是数据集特定的，并限制了AI系统的概括性。因此，了解和纠正CXR图像中的关键潜在偏差是CXR图像分析之前的重要第一步。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种简单有效的逐步方法，以预处理Covid-19胸部X射线数据集以消除不希望的偏见。我们进行消融研究以显示每个单个步骤的影响。结果表明，使用我们提出的管道可以将基线共证检测算法的精度提高到13％。

通过一系列联邦举措和命令，美国政府一直在努力确保美国在AI中的领导。这些广泛的战略文件影响了美国空军美国部（DAF）等组织。DAF-MIT AI加速器是DAF和MIT之间的一项计划，以弥合AI研究人员与DAF任务要求之间的差距。DAF-MIT AI加速器支持的几个项目正在开发公共挑战问题，这些问题解决了许多联邦AI研究的重点。这些挑战是通过公开可用的大型AI-Ready数据集，激励开源解决方案，并为可以激发进一步研究的双重使用技术创建需求信号，来针对优先事项。在本文中，我们描述了正在开发的这些公共挑战以及它们的应用如何促进科学进步。

随着机器学习算法和方法的成功，增强学习（RL）已成为越来越重要的研究领域。为了应对围绕RL训练时赋予RL代理的自由的安全问题，有关安全加固学习（SRL）的工作有所增加。但是，这些新的安全方法的审查少于其不安全的对应物。例如，安全方法之间的比较通常缺乏在相似的初始条件边界和超参数设置，使用较差的评估指标以及樱桃挑选最佳训练运行的情况下进行的公平评估，而不是在多个随机种子上平均。在这项工作中，我们使用评估最佳实践进行消融研究，以调查运行时间保证（RTA）的影响，该研究可以监视系统状态并干预以确保安全性，以确保安全性。通过研究在政策和非政策RL算法中的多种RTA方法，我们试图了解哪种RTA方法最有效，无论代理是否依赖RTA，以及奖励成型的重要性与RL代理培训中安全探索的重要性。我们的结论阐明了SRL的最有希望的方向，我们的评估方法为在未来的SRL工作中进行更好的比较奠定了基础。

筛查结肠镜检查是多种3D计算机视觉技术的重要临床应用，包括深度估计，表面重建和缺失区域检测。但是，由于难以获取地面真相数据，因此在实际结肠镜检查视频中对这些技术的开发，评估和比较仍然在很大程度上是定性的。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个带有高清临床结肠镜和高保真结肠模型的结肠镜检查3D视频数据集（C3VD），用于在结肠镜检查中进行基准计算机视觉方法。我们介绍了一种新颖的多模式2D-3D注册技术，以注册光学视频序列，并以地面真实的视图对已知3D模型的视图。通过将光学图像转换为具有生成对抗网络的深度图，并通过进化优化器对齐边缘特征来注册不同的模态。在模拟实验中，这种注册方法达到了0.321毫米的平均翻译误差，平均旋转误差为0.159度，无误地面真相可用。该方法还利用视频信息，将注册精度提高了55.6％以进行翻译，与单帧注册相比，旋转60.4％。 22个简短的视频序列被注册，以生成10,015个总帧，具有配对的地面真实深度，表面正常，光流，遮挡，六个自由度姿势，覆盖范围图和3D模型。该数据集还包括胃肠病学家与配对地面真相姿势和3D表面模型获得的筛选视频。数据集和注册源代码可在urr.jhu.edu/c3vd上获得。

The remarkable success of pretrained language models has motivated the study of what kinds of knowledge these models learn during pretraining. Reformulating tasks as fillin-the-blanks problems (e.g., cloze tests) is a natural approach for gauging such knowledge, however, its usage is limited by the manual effort and guesswork required to write suitable prompts. To address this, we develop AUTOPROMPT, an automated method to create prompts for a diverse set of tasks, based on a gradient-guided search. Using AUTO-PROMPT, we show that masked language models (MLMs) have an inherent capability to perform sentiment analysis and natural language inference without additional parameters or finetuning, sometimes achieving performance on par with recent state-of-the-art supervised models. We also show that our prompts elicit more accurate factual knowledge from MLMs than the manually created prompts on the LAMA benchmark, and that MLMs can be used as relation extractors more effectively than supervised relation extraction models. These results demonstrate that automatically generated prompts are a viable parameter-free alternative to existing probing methods, and as pretrained LMs become more sophisticated and capable, potentially a replacement for finetuning.

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The ability to convert reciprocating, i.e., alternating, actuation into rotary motion using linkages is hindered fundamentally by their poor torque transmission capability around kinematic singularity configurations. Here, we harness the elastic potential energy of a linear spring attached to the coupler link of four-bar mechanisms to manipulate force transmission around the kinematic singularities. We developed a theoretical model to explore the parameter space for proper force transmission in slider-crank and rocker-crank four-bar kinematics. Finally, we verified the proposed model and methodology by building and testing a macro-scale prototype of a slider-crank mechanism. We expect this approach to enable the development of small-scale rotary engines and robotic devices with closed kinematic chains dealing with serial kinematic singularities, such as linkages and parallel manipulators.